Evaluating Fairness Without Sensitive Attributes: A Framework Using Only Auxiliary Models

Although the volume of literature and public attention on machine learning fairness has been growing significantly, in practice some tasks as basic as measuring fairness, which is the first step in studying and promoting fairness, can be challenging. This is because sensitive attributes are often unavailable due to privacy regulations. The straightforward solution is to use auxiliary models to predict the missing sensitive attributes. However, our theoretical analyses show that the estimation error of the directly measured fairness metrics is proportional to the error rates of auxiliary models' predictions. Existing works that attempt to reduce the estimation error often require strong assumptions, e.g. access to the ground-truth sensitive attributes or some form of conditional independence. In this paper, we drop those assumptions and propose a framework that uses only off-the-shelf auxiliary models. The main challenge is how to reduce the negative impact of imperfectly predicted sensitive attributes on the fairness metrics without knowing the ground-truth sensitive attributes. Inspired by the noisy label learning literature, we first derive a closed-form relationship between the directly measured fairness metrics and their corresponding ground-truth metrics. And then we estimate some key statistics (most importantly transition matrix in the noisy label literature), which we use, together with the derived relationship, to calibrate the fairness metrics. In addition, we theoretically prove the upper bound of the estimation error in our calibrated metrics and show our method can substantially decrease the estimation error especially when auxiliary models are inaccurate or the target model is highly biased. Experiments on COMPAS and CelebA validate our theoretical analyses and show our method can measure fairness significantly more accurately than baselines under favorable circumstances

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The title compound, [Ni2(C9H6O4)2(C12H8N2)2(H2O)2], is isostructural with the ZnII analogue. Each NiII atom is coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral geometry by three O atoms from two homophthalate anions, one aqua O atom and two 1,10-phenanthroline N atoms. The two NiII atoms are linked by two bridging homophthalate dianions into a centrosymmetric dinuclear unit. The dinuclear units are linked into one-dimensional ladder-like chains along [100] by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the coordinated water mol­ecules and one of the O atoms of the carboxyl­atomethyl group

Satellite proximate interception vector guidance based on differential games

This paper studies the proximate satellite interception guidance strategies where both the interceptor and target can perform orbital maneuvers with magnitude limited thrusts. This problem is regarded as a pursuit-evasion game since satellites in both sides will try their best to capture or escape. In this game, the distance of these two players is small enough so that the highly nonlinear earth-centered gravitational dynamics can be reduced to the linear Clohessy-Wiltshire (CW) equations. The system is then simplified by introducing the zero effort miss variables. Saddle solution is formulated for the pursuit-evasion game and time-to-go is estimated similarly as that for the exo-atmospheric interception. Then a vector guidance is derived to ensure that the interception can be achieved in the optimal time. The proposed guidance law is validated by numerical simulations. Keywords: Differential games, Saddle solution, Satellite interception, Time-to-go estimation, Zero effort miss trajector

Combined MediaPipe and YOLOv5 range of motion assessment system for spinal diseases and frozen shoulder

Spinal diseases and frozen shoulder are prevalent health problems in Asian populations. Early assessment and treatment are very important to prevent the disease from getting worse and reduce pain. In the field of computer vision, it is a challenging problem to assess the range of motion. In order to realize efficient, real-time and accurate assessment of the range of motion, an assessment system combining MediaPipe and YOLOv5 technologies was proposed in this study. On this basis, Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is introduced into the YOLOv5 target detection model, which can enhance the extraction of feature information, suppress background interference, and improve the generalization ability of the model. In order to meet the requirements of large-scale computing, a client/server (C/S) framework structure is adopted. The evaluation results can be obtained quickly after the client uploads the image data, providing a convenient and practical solution. In addition, a game of "Picking Bayberries" was developed as an auxiliary treatment method to provide patients with interesting rehabilitation training

The effects of high-intensity interval exercise and hypoxia on cognition in sedentary young adults

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Background and Objectives: Limited research has evaluated the effects of acute exercise on cognition under different conditions of inspired oxygenation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) under normoxia (inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2): 0.209) and moderate hypoxia (FIO2: 0.154) on cognitive function. Design: A single-blinded cross-over design was used to observe the main effects of exercise and oxygen level, and interaction effects on cognitive task performance. Methods: Twenty inactive adults (10 males and 10 females, 19–27 years old) performed a cognitive task (i.e., the Go/No-Go task) before and immediately after an acute bout of HIE under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The HIE comprised 10 repetitions of 6 s high-intensity cycling against 7.5% body weight interspersed with 30 s passive recovery. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and rating of perceived exertion were monitored. Results: The acute bout of HIE did not affect the reaction time (p = 0.204, η2 = 0.083) but the accuracy rate decreased significantly after HIE under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.467). Moreover, moderate hypoxia had no influence either on reaction time (p = 0.782, η2 = 0.004) or response accuracy (p = 0.972, η2 \u3c 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that an acute session of HIE may impair response accuracy immediately post-HIE, without sacrificing reaction time. Meanwhile moderate hypoxia was found to have no adverse effect on cognitive function in inactive young adults, at least in the present study

Severe hypoxia does not offset the benefits of exercise on cognitive function in sedentary young women

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Purpose: To examine the effect of acute moderate-intensity continuous exercise performed under normobaric severe hypoxia on cognition, compared to sea-level normoxia. Methods: Thirty healthy inactive women randomly performed two experimental trials separated by at least three days but at approximately the same time of day. Executive functions were measured during the follicular stage via an interference control task before (rest) and during exercise with 45% peak power output under normobaric normoxia (PIO 2 = 150 mmHg, FIO 2 = 0.21), and (2) hypoxia (PIO 2 = 87 mmHg, FIO 2 = 0.12, simulated at an altitude of 4000 m). Reaction time (RT), accuracy rate (AC), heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) were collected before and during exercise. Results: RT (p \u3c 0.05, η 2p = 0.203) decreased during moderate exercise when compared at rest, while a short bout of severe hypoxia improved RT (p \u3c 0.05, η 2p = 0.134). Exercise and hypoxia had no effects on AC (p \u3e 0.05). No significant associations were found between the changes of RT and SpO 2 under the conditions of normoxia and hypoxia (p \u3e 0.05). Conclusions: At the same phase of the menstrual cycle, a short bout of severe hypoxia simulated at 4000 m altitude caused no impairment at rest. RT during moderate exercise ameliorated in normoxia and severe hypoxia, suggesting that both exercise and short-term severe hypoxia have benefits on cognitive function in sedentary young women